Arab Journal of Gastroenterology
Volume 11, Issue 1 , Pages 3-17 , March 2010

Chromoendoscopy in gastroenterology

Received 14 January 2010 ,Accepted 14 January 2010.

References 

  1. Fennerty MB. Tissue staining. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1994;4(2):297–311
  2. Brooker JC, Saunders BP, Shah SG, et al. Total colonic dye-spray increases the detection of diminutive adenomas during routine colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(3):333–338
  3. Mitooka H, Fujimori T, Maeda S, et al. Minute flat depressed neoplastic lesions of the colon detected by contrast chromoscopy using an indigo carmine capsule. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41(5):453–459
  4. Ribeiro MD, Soares J. Chromoendoscopy. Endoscopy. 2009;41(1):93
  5. Kwon RS, Adler DG, Chand B, et al. High-resolution and high-magnification endoscopes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(3):399–407
  6. Messmann H, Probst A. Narrow band imaging in Barrett’s esophagus – where are we standing?. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65(1):47–49
  7. Kiesslich R, Neurath MF. Magnifying chromoendoscopy for the detection of premalignant gastrointestinal lesions. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(1):59–78
  8. Stevens PD, Lightdale CJ, Green PH, et al. Combined magnification endoscopy with chromoendoscopy for the evaluation of Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40(6):747–749
  9. Endo T, Awakawa T, Takahashi H, et al. Classification of Barrett’s epithelium by magnifying endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(6):641–647
  10. Guelrud M, Herrera I, Essenfeld H, et al. Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia: a prospective study with enhanced magnification endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(3):584–589
  11. Sharma P, Weston AP, Topalovski M, et al. Magnification chromoendoscopy for the detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus. Gut. 2003;52(1):24–27
  12. Toyoda H, Rubio C, Befrits R, et al. Detection of intestinal metaplasia in distal esophagus and esophagogastric junction by enhanced-magnification endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(1):15–21
  13. Meining A, Rosch T, Kiesslich R, et al. Inter- and intra-observer variability of magnification chromoendoscopy for detecting specialized intestinal metaplasia at the gastroesophageal junction. Endoscopy. 2004;36(2):160–164
  14. Mayinger B, Oezturk Y, Stolte M, et al. Evaluation of sensitivity and inter- and intra-observer variability in the detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus with enhanced magnification endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41(3):349–356
  15. Goda K, Tajiri H, Ikegami M, et al. Usefulness of magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for the detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia in columnar-lined esophagus and Barrett’s adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65(1):36–46
  16. Anagnostopoulos GK, Yao K, Kaye P, et al. Novel endoscopic observation in Barrett’s oesophagus using high resolution magnification endoscopy and narrow band imaging. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(3):501–507
  17. Kara MA, Ennahachi M, Fockens P, et al. Detection and classification of the mucosal and vascular patterns (mucosal morphology) in Barrett’s esophagus by using narrow band imaging. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(2):155–166
  18. Hoffman A, Kiesslich R, Bender A, et al. Acetic acid-guided biopsies after magnifying endoscopy compared with random biopsies in the detection of Barrett’s esophagus: a prospective randomized trial with crossover design. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(1):1–8
  19. Ferguson DD, DeVault KR, Krishna M, et al. Enhanced magnification-directed biopsies do not increase the detection of intestinal metaplasia in patients with GERD. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(7):1611–1616
  20. Kara MA, Peters FP, Rosmolen WD, et al. High-resolution endoscopy plus chromoendoscopy or narrow-band imaging in Barrett’s esophagus: a prospective randomized crossover study. Endoscopy. 2005;37(10):929–936
  21. Kumagai Y, Inoue H, Nagai K, et al. Magnifying endoscopy, stereoscopic microscopy and the microvascular architecture of superficial esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy. 2002;34(5):369–375
  22. Yoshida T, Inoue H, Usui S, et al. Narrow-band imaging system with magnifying endoscopy for superficial esophageal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(2):288–295
  23. Tajiri H, Doi T, Endo H, et al. Routine endoscopy using a magnifying endoscope for gastric cancer diagnosis. Endoscopy. 2002;34(10):772–777
  24. Yagi K, Nakamura A, Sekine A. Comparison between magnifying endoscopy and histological, culture and urease test findings from the gastric mucosa of the corpus. Endoscopy. 2002;34(5):376–381
  25. Sumiyama K, Kaise M, Nakayoshi T, et al. Combined use of a magnifying endoscope with a narrow band imaging system and a multibending endoscope for en bloc EMR of early stage gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60(1):79–84
  26. Yao K, Oishi T, Matsui T, et al. Novel magnified endoscopic findings of microvascular architecture in intramucosal gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(2):279–284
  27. Anagnostopoulos GK, Yao K, Kaye P, et al. High-resolution magnification endoscopy can reliably identify normal gastric mucosa, Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and gastric atrophy. Endoscopy. 2007;39(3):202–207
  28. Yagi K, Nakamura A, Sekine A. Characteristic endoscopic and magnified endoscopic findings in the normal stomach without Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17(1):39–45
  29. Dinis Ribeiro M, da Costa Pereira A, Lopes C, et al. Magnification chromoendoscopy for the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57(4):498–504
  30. Areia M, Amaro P, Dinis Ribeiro M, et al. External validation of a classification for methylene blue magnification chromoendoscopy in premalignant gastric lesions. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67(7):1011–1018
  31. Siegel LM, Stevens PD, Lightdale CJ, et al. Combined magnification endoscopy with chromoendoscopy in the evaluation of patients with suspected malabsorption. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46(3):226–230
  32. Cammarota G, Martino A, Pirozzi GA, et al. Direct visualization of intestinal villi by high-resolution magnifying upper endoscopy: a validation study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60(5):732–738
  33. Kudo S, Hirota S, Nakajima T, et al. Colorectal tumours and pit pattern. J Clin Pathol. 1994;47(10):880–885
  34. Axelrad AM, Fleischer DE, Geller AJ, et al. High-resolution chromoendoscopy for the diagnosis of diminutive colon polyps: Implications for colon cancer screening. Gastroenterology. 1996;110(4):1253–1258
  35. Kiesslich R, Neurath MF. Chromo- and magnifying endoscopy for colorectal lesions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17(8):793–801
  36. Hurlstone DP, Cross SS, Adam I, et al. Efficacy of high magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy for the diagnosis of neoplasia in flat and depressed lesions of the colorectum: a prospective analysis. Gut. 2004;53(2):284–290
  37. Tung SY, Wu CS, Su MY. Magnifying colonoscopy in differentiating neoplastic from nonneoplastic colorectal lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(9):2628–2632
  38. Konishi K, Kaneko K, Kurahashi T, et al. A comparison of magnifying and nonmagnifying colonoscopy for diagnosis of colorectal polyps: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57(1):48–53
  39. Eisen GM, Kim CY, Fleischer DE, et al. High-resolution chromoendoscopy for classifying colonic polyps: a multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(6):687–694
  40. Canto MI. Staining in gastrointestinal endoscopy: the basics. Endoscopy. 1999;31(6):479–486
  41. Weinstein WM. Vital staining of esophageal and gastric mucosa: not vital but may be helpful. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38(6):723–725
  42. Chisholm EM, Williams SR, Leung JW, et al. Lugol’s iodine dye-enhanced endoscopy in patients with cancer of the oesophagus and head and neck. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1992;18(6):550–552
  43. Okumura T, Aruga H, Inohara H, et al. Endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract for the presence of second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1993;501:103–106
  44. Yokoyama A, Ohmori T, Makuuchi H, et al. Successful screening for early esophageal cancer in alcoholics using endoscopy and mucosa iodine staining. Cancer. 1995;76(6):928–934
  45. Muto M, Hironaka S, Nakane M, et al. Association of multiple Lugol-voiding lesions with synchronous and metachronous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in patients with head and neck cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(4):517–521
  46. Woolf GM, Riddell RH, Irvine EJ, et al. A study to examine agreement between endoscopy and histology for the diagnosis of columnar lined (Barrett’s) esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;35(6):541–544
  47. Lee YC, Wang CP, Chen CC, et al. Transnasal endoscopy with narrow-band imaging and Lugol staining to screen patients with head and neck cancer whose condition limits oral intubation with standard endoscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(3):408–417
  48. Thuler FP, de Paulo GA, Ferrari AP. Chemical esophagitis after chromoendoscopy with Lugol’s solution for esophageal cancer: case report. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(7):925–926
  49. Sreedharan A, Rembacken BJ, Rotimi O. Acute toxic gastric mucosal damage induced by Lugol’s iodine spray during chromoendoscopy. Gut. 2005;54(6):886–887
  50. Kondo H, Fukuda H, Ono H, et al. Sodium thiosulfate solution spray for relief of irritation caused by Lugol’s stain in chromoendoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53(2):199–202
  51. Davila RE. Chromoendoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2009;19(2):193–208
  52. Schirmer RH, Coulibaly B, Stich A, et al. Methylene blue as an antimalarial agent. Redox Rep. 2003;8(5):272–275
  53. Floyd RA, Schneider JE, Dittmer DP. Methylene blue photoinactivation of RNA viruses. Antiviral Res. 2004;61(3):141–151
  54. Mathelin C, Croce S, Brasse D, et al. Methylene blue dye, an accurate dye for sentinel lymph node identification in early breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(10):4119–4125
  55. Wong Kee Song LM, Adler DG, Chand B, et al. Chromoendoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(4):639–649
  56. Fennerty MB, Sampliner RE, McGee DL, et al. Intestinal metaplasia of the stomach: identification by a selective mucosal staining technique. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38(6):696–698
  57. Canto MI. Chromoendoscopy and magnifying endoscopy for Barrett’s esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(7, Suppl. 1):S12–S15
  58. Canto MI, Setrakian S, Petras RE, et al. Methylene blue selectively stains intestinal metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44(1):1–7
  59. Kiesslich R, Fritsch J, Holtmann M, et al. Methylene blue-aided chromoendoscopy for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and colon cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(4):880–888
  60. Canto MI, Setrakian S, Willis JE, et al. Methylene blue staining of dysplastic and nondysplastic Barrett’s esophagus: an in vivo and ex vivo study. Endoscopy. 2001;33(5):391–400
  61. Canto MI, Setrakian S, Willis J, et al. Methylene blue-directed biopsies improve detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51(5):560–568
  62. Lim CH, Rotimi O, Dexter SP, et al. Randomized crossover study that used methylene blue or random 4-quadrant biopsy for the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(2):195–199
  63. Kiesslich R, Hahn M, Herrmann G, et al. Screening for specialized columnar epithelium with methylene blue: chromoendoscopy in patients with Barrett’s esophagus and a normal control group. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53(1):47–52
  64. Ragunath K, Krasner N, Raman VS, et al. A randomized, prospective cross-over trial comparing methylene blue-directed biopsy and conventional random biopsy for detecting intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Endoscopy. 2003;35(12):998–1003
  65. Ida K, Hashimoto Y, Takeda S, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis of gastric cancer with dye scattering. Am J Gastroenterol. 1975;63(4):316–320
  66. Suzuki S, Murakami H, Suzuki H, et al. An endoscopic staining method for detection and operation of early gastric cancer. Int Adv Surg Oncol. 1979;2:223–241
  67. Olliver JR, Wild CP, Sahay P, et al. Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue and associated DNA damage in Barrett’s oesophagus. Lancet. 2003;362(9381):373–374
  68. Hardie LJ, Olliver JR, Wild CP, et al. Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue and the risk of DNA damage. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(2):623–624
  69. Davies J, Burke D, Olliver JR, et al. Methylene blue but not indigo carmine causes DNA damage to colonocytes in vitro and in vivo at concentrations used in clinical chromoendoscopy. Gut. 2007;56(1):155–156
  70. Sturmey RG, Wild CP, Hardie LJ. Removal of red light minimizes methylene blue-stimulated DNA damage in oesophageal cells: implications for chromoendoscopy. Mutagenesis. 2009;24(3):253–258
  71. Dinis Ribeiro M, Lopes C, da Costa Pereira A, et al. A follow up model for patients with atrophic chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(2):177–182
  72. Dinis Ribeiro M, Da Costa Pereira A, Lopes C, et al. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of using magnification chromoendoscopy and pepsinogen serum levels for the follow-up of patients with atrophic chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(10):1594–1604
  73. Dinis Ribeiro M, Moreira Dias L. There is no clinical evidence of consequences after methylene blue chromoendoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67(7):1209
  74. Hix WR, Wilson WR. Toluidine blue staining of the esophagus. A useful adjunct in the panendoscopic evaluation of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987;113(8):864–865
  75. Herlin P, Marnay J, Jacob JH, et al. A study of the mechanism of the toluidine blue dye test. Endoscopy. 1983;15(1):4–7
  76. Epstein JB, Feldman R, Dolor RJ, et al. The utility of tolonium chloride rinse in the diagnosis of recurrent or second primary cancers in patients with prior upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Head Neck. 2003;25(11):911–921
  77. Zhang L, Williams M, Poh CF, et al. Toluidine blue staining identifies high-risk primary oral premalignant lesions with poor outcome. Cancer Res. 2005;65(17):8017–8021
  78. Seitz JF, Monges G, Navarro P, et al. Dépistage endoscopique des dysplasies et des cancers infracliniques de l’oesophage. Résultats d’une étude prospective avec coloration vitale par le bleu de toluidine chez 100 patients alcoolo-tabagiques [Endoscopic detection of dysplasia and subclinical cancer of the esophagus. Results of a prospective study using toluidine blue vital staining in 100 patients with alcoholism and smoking]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1990;14(1):15–21
  79. Contini S, Consigli GF, Di Lecce F, et al. Vital staining of oesophagus in patients with head and neck cancer: still a worthwhile procedure. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1991;23(1):5–8
  80. Takeo Y, Yoshida T, Shigemitu T, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection for early esophageal cancer and esophageal dysplasia. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48(38):453–457
  81. Pabiszczak M, Wierzbicka M, Was´niewska E, et al. Toluidine blue in monitoring of recurrences and second primary tumors in patients treated for oral cavity and pharynx cancer [zastosowanie błekitu toluidyny do monitorowania wzno´w i drugich pierwotnych ognisk nowotworowych w jamie ustnej i gardle u chorych leczonych z powodu raka jezyka i migdałka podniebiennego]. Otolaryngol Pol. 2006;60(5):691–695
  82. Monnier P, Savary M, Pasche R. Contribution of toluidine blue to bucco-pharyngo-oesophageal cancerology [Apport du bleu de toluidine en cancérologie bucco-pharyngo-oesophagienne]. Acta Endosc. 1981;11(4–5):299–315
  83. Papazian A, Descombes P, Capron JP, et al. Fréquence du cancer de l’oesophage synchrone des cancers des voies aéro-digestives supérieures (100cas): Intérêt des colorations vitales au Lugol et au bleu de toluidine [Incidence of esophageal cancer synchronous with upper aerodigestive tract cancers (100cases): value of vital staining with Lugol and toluidine blue]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1985;9(1):16–22
  84. Lundgren J, Olofsson J, Hellquist H. Toluidine blue. An aid in the microlaryngoscopic diagnosis of glottic lesions?. Arch Otolaryngol. 1979;105(4):169–174
  85. Jung M, Kiesslich R. Chromoendoscopy and intravital staining techniques. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 1999;13(1):11–19
  86. Asada M, Yoshimura N, Matsunaga M, et al. Light and electron microscopic observations of cysts in the brain from an autopsy case of Cryptococcus meningitis. No to Shinkei. 1987;39(11):1027–1035
  87. Kudo S, Tamura S, Nakajima T, et al. Diagnosis of colorectal tumorous lesions by magnifying endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44(1):8–14
  88. Hata K, Watanabe T, Motoi T, et al. Pitfalls of pit pattern diagnosis in ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(1):374–376
  89. Kudo SE, Lambert R, Allen JI, et al. Nonpolypoid neoplastic lesions of the colorectal mucosa. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68(4 Suppl):S3–S47
  90. Wakelin LP, Adams A, Hunter C, et al. Interaction of crystal violet with nucleic acids. Biochemistry. 1981;20(20):5779–5787
  91. Yuki T, Amano Y, Kushiyama Y, et al. Evaluation of modified crystal violet chromoendoscopy procedure using new mucosal pit pattern classification for detection of Barrett’s dysplastic lesions. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38(5):296–300
  92. Furuta Y, Kobori O, Shimazu H, et al. A new in vivo staining method, cresyl violet staining, for fiberoptic magnified observation of carcinoma of the gastric mucosa. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1985;20(2):120–124
  93. Amano Y, Komazawa Y, Ishimura N, et al. Two cases of superficial cancer in Barrett’s esophagus detected by chromoendoscopy with crystal violet. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(1):143–146
  94. Hurlstone DP, Sanders DS, Cross SS, et al. Colonoscopic resection of lateral spreading tumours: a prospective analysis of endoscopic mucosal resection. Gut. 2004;53(9):1334–1339
  95. Narahara H, Iishi H, Tatsuta M, et al. Effectiveness of endoscopic mucosal resection with submucosal saline injection technique for superficial squamous carcinomas of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52(6):730–734
  96. Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Nagawa H. Chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid in the diagnosis of gastric neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(7):1407–1408
  97. Kudo S, Kashida H, Nakajima T, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of early colorectal cancer. World J Surg. 1997;21(7):694–701
  98. Jaramillo E, Watanabe M, Slezak P, et al. Flat neoplastic lesions of the colon and rectum detected by high-resolution video endoscopy and chromoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42(2):114–122
  99. Zakaria M, Kassem AM, Hindawy A, et al. The assessment of chromoendoscopy in improving the detection of flat rectosigmoid neoplasia. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2006;7(1):1–5
  100. Ikeda K, Sannohe Y, Araki S, et al. Intra-arterial dye method with vasomotors (PIAD method) applied for the endoscopic diagnosis of gastric cancer and the side effects of indigo carmine. Endoscopy. 1982;14(4):119–123
  101. Steensma DP. “Congo” red: out of Africa?. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125(2):250–252
  102. Asaka M, Sugiyama T, Nobuta A, et al. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in Japan: results of a large multicenter study. Helicobacter. 2001;6(4):294–299
  103. Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Okuda S. Diagnosis of simultaneous multiple gastric cancers by the endoscopic congo red–methylene blue test. Endoscopy. 1988;20(2):78–82
  104. Shaw D, Blair V, Framp A, et al. Chromoendoscopic surveillance in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: an alternative to prophylactic gastrectomy?. Gut. 2005;54(4):461–468
  105. Toth E, Sjolund K, Thorsson O, et al. Evaluation of gastric acid secretion at endoscopy with a modified Congo red test. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(2):254–259
  106. Sekine H, Iijima K, Koike T, et al. Regional differences in the recovery of gastric acid secretion after Helicobacter pylori eradication: evaluations with Congo red chromoendoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(5):678–685
  107. Nakajima H, Munakata A, Sasaki Y, et al. pH profile of esophagus in patients with inlet patch of heterotopic gastric mucosa after tetragastrin stimulation. an endoscopic approach. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38(10):1915–1919
  108. Mann NS, Mann SK, Rachut E. Heterotopic gastric tissue in the duodenal bulb. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000;30(3):303–306
  109. Azuma T, Kato T, Hirai M, et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;11(7):662–669
  110. Iseki K, Tatsuta M, Iishi H, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with early gastric cancer by the endoscopic phenol red test. Gut. 1998;42(1):20–23
  111. Tsuji H, Kohli Y, Fukumitsu S, et al. Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric and duodenal ulcers. J Gastroenterol. 1999;34(4):455–460
  112. Kohli Y, Kato T, Ito S. Helicobacter pylori and chronic atrophic gastritis. J Gastroenterol. 1994;29(Suppl 7):105–109
  113. Lambert R, Rey JF, Sankaranarayanan R. Magnification and chromoscopy with the acetic acid test. Endoscopy. 2003;35(5):437–445
  114. Canto MI. Acetic-acid chromoendoscopy for Barrett’s esophagus: the “pros”. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(1):13–16
  115. Guelrud M, Herrera I, Essenfeld H, et al. Enhanced magnification endoscopy: a new technique to identify specialized intestinal metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53(6):559–565
  116. Guelrud M, Herrera I. Acetic acid improves identification of remnant islands of Barrett’s epithelium after endoscopic therapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47(6):512–515
  117. Rey JF, Inoue H, Guelrud M. Magnification endoscopy with acetic acid for Barrett’s esophagus. Endoscopy. 2005;37(6):583–586
  118. Fortun PJ, Anagnostopoulos GK, Kaye P, et al. Acetic acid-enhanced magnification endoscopy in the diagnosis of specialized intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett’s oesophagus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(6):735–742
  119. Yagi K, Aruga Y, Nakamura A, et al. The study of dynamic chemical magnifying endoscopy in gastric neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62(6):963–969
  120. Kadowaki S, Tanaka K, Toyoda H, et al. Ease of early gastric cancer demarcation recognition: a comparison of four magnifying endoscopy methods. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(10):1625–1630
  121. Tanaka K, Toyoda H, Kadowaki S, et al. Features of early gastric cancer and gastric adenoma by enhanced-magnification endoscopy. J Gastroenterol. 2006;41(4):332–338
  122. Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Ishigami H, et al. Endoscopic instillation of indigo carmine dye with acetic acid enables the visualization of distinct margin of superficial gastric lesion; usefulness in endoscopic treatment and diagnosis of gastric cancer. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39(4):389–391
  123. Togashi K, Hewett DG, Whitaker DA, et al. The use of acetic acid in magnification chromocolonoscopy for pit pattern analysis of small polyps. Endoscopy. 2006;38(6):613–616
  124. Kim JH, Lee SY, Kim BK, et al. Importance of the surrounding colonic mucosa in distinguishing between hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps during acetic acid chromoendoscopy. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(12):1903–1907
  125. Kawamura YJ, Togashi K, Sasaki J, et al. Acetic acid spray in colonoscopy: an alternative to chromoendoscopy. Gut. 2005;54(2):313
  126. Kaltenbach T, Sano Y, Friedland S, et al. American gastroenterological association (AGA) institute technology assessment on image-enhanced endoscopy. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):327–340
  127. Sharma P, Topalovski M, Mayo MS, et al. Methylene blue chromoendoscopy for detection of short-segment Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54(3):289–293
  128. Kouklakis GS, Kountouras J, Dokas SM, et al. Methylene blue chromoendoscopy for the detection of Barrett’s esophagus in a Greek cohort. Endoscopy. 2003;35(5):383–387
  129. Yagi K, Nakamura A, Sekine A. Accuracy of magnifying endoscopy with methylene blue in the diagnosis of specialized intestinal metaplasia and short-segment Barrett’s esophagus in Japanese patients without Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58(2):189–195
  130. Dave U, Shousha S, Westaby D. Methylene blue staining: is it really useful in Barrett’s esophagus?. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53(3):333–335
  131. Wo JM, Ray MB, Mayfield Stokes S, et al. Comparison of methylene blue-directed biopsies and conventional biopsies in the detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: a preliminary study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54(3):294–301
  132. Egger K, Werner M, Meining A, et al. Biopsy surveillance is still necessary in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus despite new endoscopic imaging techniques. Gut. 2003;52(1):18–23
  133. Duncan MB, Horwhat JD, Maydonovitch CL, et al. Use of methylene blue for detection of specialized intestinal metaplasia in GERD patients presenting for screening upper endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50(2):389–393
  134. Breyer HP, Silva De Barros SG, Maguilnik I, et al. Does methylene blue detect intestinal metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus?. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57(4):505–509
  135. Ngamruengphong S, Sharma VK, Das A. Diagnostic yield of methylene blue chromoendoscopy for detecting specialized intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(6):1021–1028
  136. Amano Y, Kushiyama Y, Ishihara S, et al. Crystal violet chromoendoscopy with mucosal pit pattern diagnosis is useful for surveillance of short-segment Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(1):21–26
  137. Tabuchi M, Sueoka N, Fujimori T. Videoendoscopy with vital double dye staining (crystal violet and methylene blue) for detection of a minute focus of early stage adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus: a case report. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54(3):385–388
  138. Pech O, Petrone MC, Manner H, et al. One-step chromoendoscopy and structure enhancement using balsamic vinegar for screening of Barrett’s esophagus. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2008;71(2):243–245
  139. Shiozaki H, Tahara H, Kobayashi K, et al. Endoscopic screening of early esophageal cancer with the Lugol dye method in patients with head and neck cancers. Cancer. 1990;66(10):2068–2071
  140. Tincani AJ, Brandalise N, Altemani A, et al. Diagnosis of superficial esophageal cancer and dysplasia using endoscopic screening with a 2% Lugol dye solution in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2000;22(2):170–174
  141. Hashimoto CL, Iriya K, Baba ER, et al. Lugol’s dye spray chromoendoscopy establishes early diagnosis of esophageal cancer in patients with primary head and neck cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(2):275–282
  142. Meyer V, Burtin P, Bour B, et al. Endoscopic detection of early esophageal cancer in a high-risk population: does Lugol staining improve videoendoscopy?. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45(6):480–484
  143. Fagundes RB, de Barros SG, Putten AC, et al. Occult dysplasia is disclosed by Lugol chromoendoscopy in alcoholics at high risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Endoscopy. 1999;31(4):281–285
  144. Freitag CP, Barros SG, Kruel CD, et al. Esophageal dysplasias are detected by endoscopy with Lugol in patients at risk for squamous cell carcinoma in southern Brazil. Dis Esophagus. 1999;12(3):191–195
  145. Dawsey SM, Fleischer DE, Wang GQ, et al. Mucosal iodine staining improves endoscopic visualization of squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in Linxian, China. Cancer. 1998;83(2):220–231
  146. Urabe Y, Hiyama T, Tanaka S, et al. Metachronous multiple esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and Lugol-voiding lesions after endoscopic mucosal resection. Endoscopy. 2009;41(4):304–309
  147. Katada C, Muto M, Manabe T, et al. Local recurrence of squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus after EMR. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61(2):219–225
  148. Cho YS, Chae HS, Jang SN, et al. Comparison of the 13C-urea breath test and the endoscopic phenol red mucosal pH test in the quantification of Helicobacter pylori infection loading. Korean J Int Med. 2008;23(3):134–139
  149. Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Ichii M, et al. Chromoendoscopic observations on extension and development of fundal gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Gastroenterology. 1985;88(1 Pt 1):70–74
  150. Kawahara Y, Takenaka R, Okada H, et al. Novel chromoendoscopic method using an acetic acid–indigocarmine mixture for diagnostic accuracy in delineating the margin of early gastric cancers. Dig Endosc. 2009;21(1):14–19
  151. Sakai Y, Eto R, Kasanuki J, et al. Chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine dye added to acetic acid in the diagnosis of gastric neoplasia: a prospective comparative study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68(4):635–641
  152. Wolber RA, Owen DA. Flat adenomas of the colon. Hum Pathol. 1991;22(1):70–74
  153. Lanspa SJ, Rouse J, Smyrk T, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics of the flat adenoma of muto. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;35(6):543–546
  154. Fujii T, Rembacken BJ, Dixon MF, et al. Flat adenomas in the United Kingdom: are treatable cancers being missed?. Endoscopy. 1998;30(5):437–443
  155. Rembacken BJ, Fujii T, Cairns A, et al. Flat and depressed colonic neoplasms: a prospective study of 9800 colonoscopies in the UK. Lancet. 2000;355(9211):1211–1214
  156. Kiesslich R, von Bergh M, Hahn M, et al. Chromoendoscopy with indigocarmine improves the detection of adenomatous and nonadenomatous lesions in the colon. Endoscopy. 2001;33(12):1001–1006
  157. Saitoh Y, Waxman I, West AB, et al. Prevalence and distinctive biologic features of flat colorectal adenomas in a North American population. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(7):1657–1665
  158. Tsuda S, Veress B, Toth E, et al. Flat and depressed colorectal tumours in a southern Swedish population: a prospective chromoendoscopic and histopathological study. Gut. 2002;51(4):550–555
  159. Ikegami M. A pathological study on colorectal cancer from de novo carcinoma to advanced carcinoma. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1987;37(1):21–37
  160. Suzuki N, Saunders BP, Brown G. Flat colorectal neoplasms: endoscopic detection, clinical relevance and management. Tech Coloproctol. 2004;8(Suppl. 2):S261–S266
  161. Lee JH, Kim JW, Cho YK, et al. Detection of colorectal adenomas by routine chromoendoscopy with indigocarmine. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(6):1284–1288
  162. Le Rhun M, Coron E, Parlier D, et al. High resolution colonoscopy with chromoscopy versus standard colonoscopy for the detection of colonic neoplasia: a randomized study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(3):349–354
  163. Hurlstone DP, Cross SS, Slater R, et al. Detecting diminutive colorectal lesions at colonoscopy: a randomised controlled trial of pan-colonic versus targeted chromoscopy. Gut. 2004;53(3):376–380
  164. Brown SR, Baraza W, Hurlstone P. Chromoscopy versus conventional endoscopy for the detection of polyps in the colon and rectum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD006439
  165. Togashi K, Hewett DG, Radford Smith GL, et al. The use of indigocarmine spray increases the colonoscopic detection rate of adenomas. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(8):826–833
  166. Hurlstone DP, Karajeh M, Cross SS, et al. The role of high-magnification-chromoscopic colonoscopy in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer screening: a prospective “back-to-back” endoscopic study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(10):2167–2173
  167. Lecomte T, Cellier C, Meatchi T, et al. Chromoendoscopic colonoscopy for detecting preneoplastic lesions in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(9):897–902
  168. Hüneburg R, Lammert F, Rabe C, et al. Chromocolonoscopy detects more adenomas than white light colonoscopy or narrow band imaging colonoscopy in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer screening. Endoscopy. 2009;41(4):316–322
  169. Gilat T, Fireman Z, Grossman A, et al. Colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis. A population study in central Israel. Gastroenterology. 1988;94(4):870–877
  170. Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance. Clinical guidelines and rationale-update based on new evidence. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(2):544–560
  171. Matsumoto T, Kuroki F, Mizuno M, et al. Application of magnifying chromoscopy for the assessment of severity in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46(5):400–405
  172. Jaramillo E, Watanabe M, Befrits R, et al. Small, flat colorectal neoplasias in long-standing ulcerative colitis detected by high-resolution electronic video endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44(1):15–22
  173. Matsumoto T, Nakamura S, Jo Y, et al. Chromoscopy might improve diagnostic accuracy in cancer surveillance for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(8):1827–1833
  174. Rutter MD, Saunders BP, Schofield G, et al. Pancolonic indigo carmine dye spraying for the detection of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2004;53(2):256–260
  175. Sada M, Igarashi M, Yoshizawa S, et al. Dye spraying and magnifying endoscopy for dysplasia and cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47(11):1816–1823
  176. Hurlstone DP, Sanders DS, Lobo AJ, et al. Indigo carmine-assisted high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy for the detection and characterisation of intraepithelial neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a prospective evaluation. Endoscopy. 2005;37(12):1186–1192
  177. Hurlstone DP, McAlindon ME, Sanders DS, et al. Further validation of high-magnification chromoscopic-colonoscopy for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and colon cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(1):376–378
  178. Kiesslich R, Neurath MF. Surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis: magnifying chromoendoscopy in the spotlight. Gut. 2004;53(2):165–167
  179. Chapuis PH, Dent OF, Goulston KJ. Clinical accuracy in the diagnosis of small polyps using the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope. Dis Colon Rectum. 1982;25(7):669–672
  180. Bond JH. Is the small colorectal polyp clinically diminutive?. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993;39(4):592–593
  181. Fujii T, Hasegawa RT, Saitoh Y, et al. Chromoscopy during colonoscopy. Endoscopy. 2001;33(12):1036–1041
  182. Togashi K, Konishi F, Ishizuka T, et al. Efficacy of magnifying endoscopy in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic polyps of the large bowel. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42(12):1602–1608
  183. Zanoni ECA, Cutait R, Averbach M, et al. Magnifying colonoscopy: interobserver agreement in the assessment of colonic pit patterns and its correlation with histopathological findings. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22(11):1383–1388
  184. Bianco MA, Rotondano G, Marmo R, et al. Predictive value of magnification chromoendoscopy for diagnosing invasive neoplasia in nonpolypoid colorectal lesions and stratifying patients for endoscopic resection or surgery. Endoscopy. 2006;38(5):470–476
  185. Huang Q, Fukami N, Kashida H, et al. Interobserver and intra-observer consistency in the endoscopic assessment of colonic pit patterns. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60(4):520–526
  186. Fu KI, Sano Y, Kato S, et al. Chromoendoscopy using indigo carmine dye spraying with magnifying observation is the most reliable method for differential diagnosis between non-neoplastic and neoplastic colorectal lesions: a prospective study. Endoscopy. 2004;36(12):1089–1093
  187. Kanamori T, Itoh M, Yoshimi N. Pressure dye-spray: a simple and reliable method for differentiating adenomas from hyperplastic polyps in the colon. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(6):695–700
  188. Ahmad NA, Kochman ML, Long WB, et al. Efficacy, safety and clinical outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection: a study of 101 cases. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(3):390–396
  189. Iizuka T, Kikuchi D, Hoteya S, et al. The acetic acid+indigocarmine method in the delineation of gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23(9):1358–1361
  190. Hurlstone DP, Cross SS, Brown S, et al. A prospective evaluation of high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy in predicting completeness of EMR. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(6):642–650
  191. East JE, Suzuki N, Stavrinidis M, et al. Narrow band imaging for colonoscopic surveillance in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Gut. 2008;57(1):65–70
  192. Adler A, Pohl H, Papanikolaou IS, et al. A prospective randomised study on narrow-band imaging versus conventional colonoscopy for adenoma detection: does narrow-band imaging induce a learning effect?. Gut. 2008;57(1):59–64
  193. Adler A, Aschenbeck J, Yenerim T, et al. Narrow-band versus white-light high definition television endoscopic imaging for screening colonoscopy: a prospective randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(2):410–416e1
  194. Pohl J, Lotterer E, Balzer C, et al. Computed virtual chromoendoscopy versus standard colonoscopy with targeted indigocarmine chromoscopy: a randomised multicentre trial. Gut. 2009;58(1):73–78
  195. Hoffman A, Kagel C, Goetz M, et al. Recognition and characterization of small colonic neoplasia with high-definition colonoscopy using i-Scan is as precise as chromoendoscopy. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(1):45–50
  196. Tischendorf JJW, Wasmuth HE, Koch A, et al. Value of magnifying chromoendoscopy and narrow band imaging (NBI) in classifying colorectal polyps: a prospective controlled study. Endoscopy. 2007;39(12):1092–1096
  197. Su MY, Hsu CM, Ho YP, et al. Comparative study of conventional colonoscopy, chromoendoscopy and narrow-band imaging systems in differential diagnosis of neoplastic and nonneoplastic colonic polyps. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(12):2711–2716
  198. Dos Santos CEO, Pereira Lima JC, Lopes CV, et al. Comparative study between MBI (FICE®) and magnification chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the colorectum [Estudo comparativo entre MBI (FICE®) e a magnificação com índigo-carmin no diagnóstico diferencial de lesões neoplásicas e não-neoplásicas de cólon e reto]. Arq Gastroenterol. 2009;46(2):111–115
  199. Matsumoto T, Esaki M, Fujisawa R, et al. Chromoendoscopy, narrow-band imaging colonoscopy and autofluorescence colonoscopy for detection of diminutive colorectal neoplasia in familial adenomatous polyposis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(6):1160–1165

PII: S1687-1979(10)00009-2

doi: 10.1016/j.ajg.2010.01.008

Arab Journal of Gastroenterology
Volume 11, Issue 1 , Pages 3-17 , March 2010